Part Two: Chapter Nine

Time Period:  1750  to 1914

III Industry and Imperialism

A) The Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution II

~enclose, Public lands were closed in with fences.

~Urbanization was a natural out growth of the increased efficiencies in farming and agriculture.

~cities developed in areas where manufacturing materials were available.

Technological Innovations

~Domestic systems were a n inefficient and highly labor-intensive arrangement.

~1733, John Kay invented a flying shuttle which sped up the weaving process

~1764 John Haregreaves invented the spinning Jerry~1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.

~Steam engine took many people to perfect

~developed in early 1700's by Thomas Newcomer, improved by James Wattin in 1769

~First steam ship built by Robert Fulton in 1807

~1820's George Stephenson built first Steam-powered locomotive.

But Wait, Theres More

~Telegraph 1837, Samuel Morse

~Telephone, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell

~Light Bulb, 1879, Thomas Edison

~Internal Combustion engine, 1855, Gottlieb Daimler

~Radio, 1890's Marconi Guglielmo

~Airplane, 1903, Wright Brothers

Factory System

~Interchangeable parts were a system of Eli Whitney.

~Assembly live was Harrison focus was of production

~Not a great place to work

New Economic and Social Philosophies

~Adam Smith wrote in The Wealth on Nations (1776) that economic prosperity and fairness is vest achieved through private ownership.

~A free Market System is also known as Capitalism

~The process of laisses-faire, Capitalism is when the government removes them selves entirely from regulation.

~Karl Marx, was a German Philosopher and economist.

~Marxism served as the foundation for socialism and communism.

~Luddites were a group of workers who destroyed factory equipment at night to protest poor working conditions, in early spring 1800"S

~mid-nineteen hundreds split in thought among intellects and policy markets

~Middle class along with Democracy, and the free-market system were growing in the United States.

Capitalism and Enlightenment combine

~Factory Act of 1883 limited house of worker each weekday, restricted children from working, and made working conditions and threaten to strike.

~Social mobility became more common place

~Slave trade abolished in 1807

~Slavery outlawed in  Berlin in 1833 and in the United States in 1863ish

~In 1920 in the US and 1928 in Britain, woman's suffrage movement was successful in getting women's right to vote.

In Search of Natural Resources

~Colonies would harvest natural resources.  Send to Europe where product would be made, sent back to colonies would have to buy products.

~Colonial Powers became rich at colonies expanse.

The European Justification

~Social Darwinists applied charles Darwin's biological theory of natural selection to sociology.

~Europeans believed that they were superior, and that they had a moral obligation to teach other people how to be more civilized.

~Rudyard Kipling summed it up in his poem "White Man's Burden"

B) European Imperialism in India

~The British East India company, was a join-stock company that operated by a multinational corporation with exclusive rights over British trade with India, then led by Robert Clive, raised and effective army that ridded the sub-continent of the French

The Sepoy Muting

~Bahadur Shah II was exiled when the british took control of India.

~1877 Queen Victoria recognized as Empress of India

Full-Blown british Colonialism

~India became m~odel of british imperialism

~1885 well educated Indians formed the Indian National Congress to begin a path towards independence.

C) European Imperialism in China

The Opium War

~From 1839 to 1842 Britain and ?China fought a war over the opium trade

~Known as the first Opium War

~China forced to sign Treaty of Nonjing the first of the "unequal treaties".

~Second Opium war fought 1856-1860

The Word is Out: China is Crumbling

~White Lotus Rebellions, Internal rebellion led by buddhists, frustrated over taxes and government corruption.

~Taiping Rebellion, nearly succeeded in bringing Manchu government down.

~1860's Manchu Dynasty tried the self-Strengthening movement

~1876 Korea declares freedom

~1883, Sino-French War, lost hold of the Vietnam to French

~Treaty of Shimono Seki (1895 forced to hand over control of Taian, grant Japanese trading routs.

~Sphere on Influence allowed France, Germany, Russia and Britain to curve slices out of China.

~Open Door Policy United States announced equal trading Privileges among all imperial privileges.

The Boxer Rebellion

~Organized in response to the Mancu governments defeated and concessions to Western powers and Japan.

~Adopted gorilla warfare tactics.

~China forced to sign Boxer Protocol

~1911 government toppled

~Republic rebuilt by Sun Yat-sen

D.) Japanese Imperialism

~1853 Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan by steam-boat

~Treaty of Kanqawa (1854) helped West win Concessions from Japanese.

The Meiji Restoration

~Ushered in an era of Japanese westernization

~1870's Japan building railways and steam ships

~1876 demolished Samurai Warrior classes

~After Russo-Japanese War of 1904, Japan kicked "Russia out of Manchuria and established our piece of influence there.

E.) European Imperialism in Africa

Slave trade finally ends

~Between 1807-1820 most European countries abolished slave trade.

South Africa: Gold rings, a diamond Necklace, a british Crown

~Prior to discovery of gold and diamonds, South Africa was valued only for shipping and military reasons.

~After the Beor Wars (1899-1902) the British reigned supreme.

~1910 colony had it's own constitution and was known as the Union of South Africa.

~1912 organized African National Congress in an effort to oppose the Europeans Coloism and specific Sout African policies.

~Similar to Indian National Congress

Egypt: A New Water Way

~Ottoman ruled from 1517-1882

~Mahammed Ali defeated French and Ottomen and gain control of Egypt in 1805.

~Westernization attempts haulted by successor Abbas I

~Suez Canal completed in 1869 connected Mediterranean, Ocean to the Indian Ocean.

~By 1882 Britian controlled suez canal, and delared Egypt a British protectorate

Berlin Conference

~By 1914 only Ethopia and Liberia remained independent of European control.

VI Political Developments In The American and Europe

A.) Two Revolutions,m American and French

1. American Revolution

~In 1763 Britain revoted over the French in what is known as the French and Indian War, and the Seven year war.

~George Greenville and Charles Townstead passed unpopular laws on behalf of the british Crown.

~Laws such as Revenge Act (1764)Stamp Act (1765) Tea Act (1773)

~Thomas Paine urged colonists to support the movement. Wrote a widely a wildly distributed pamphlet, called Common sense

France More Than Happy to Oblige

~1777 committed ships, soldiers, weapons, and money to the causes.

~In 1781 French and American Troops concord the british Army.

2.) French Revolution

~1789 Laws XVI called a meeting of the Estates General, a group that had not met in 175 years.

~On June 17, 1789 the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly.

~By August, National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of men.

A New Constitution Causes Consternation

~The Constitution became the ruling body.

~Led by radicals known as Jacobion, the convention imprisoned the royal family land in 1793 beheaded the King for treason.

Reign of Terror: The hard fought Constitution gets tossed aside.

~ /convention through out the Constitution and created the committed of public Safety

~Led by Maximilien Robespierre and Jacobins, wasn't really a committee of personal , seeing it was responsible for the beheading of tons tens and thousands of french citizens.

~France wrote new constitution in 1795 and established a 5 min. government called the Directory

Napoleon: Big Things come in Small Packages

~Napoleon Bonaparte was a general by the age of 24.

~Overthrew the Directory in 1799, and Declared himself First Consul

~Nepoleonic Code (!804) recognized the equality of the French citizens and instituted some of the Enlightenment ideas that had served as the inspirations for many revolutionaries.

~His troops conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal and Kingdoms within Italy, also disintegrated called Holy Roman Empire. 

~1800, crowned himself emperor of of this vast empire.

~1810 empire reached peak

~1812,greed got the better of him and forced himself into exile.

~Prince von Metternich of Austria, Alexander I of Russia, duke of Wellington of Britain, railed against him at Waterloo in 1813 where they sent him to permanent exile at St. Helena Island where he later died.

B.) Lots of Independence Movements

Haiti: Slave Revolt Send France a Jolt

~1801 Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture a former lave lead a long, violent, successful slave revolt.

~Jacques Dessolins, reclaimed Haiti a free republic in 1804 and named himself governor-general for life

~Haiti was first free Latin American Nation.

South America: Visions of Grondur

~In Venezuela ejected French governor and appointed own leader, Simon Bolivia.

~1811 declared independence form Spain

~In Argentina Jose de San Martin put his extensive military experience in for rebels in 1814, took control of armies.

~Took revolutionary movement through Argentina, Chile and Peru.

~By 1820's a huge chunk of South Africa was independent.

Brazil:  Power to the Pedros

~John VI Portuguese King fled to Brazil and set up court in exile.

~1821, left Brazil to Son Pedro and moved back to Portugal

~Declared Brazilian independence self emperor and wrote the constitution.

~1831, gave power to son Pedro II who in 1880 abolished slavery

~Land-owning class established republican 1889

~Mexico: Tale of two Priests

~Miguel Hidalgo, creole priest who simplified for those who had been abused under Spanish colonialism.

~Jose Morelos led revolution to success against loyalists.

~Treaty of Cordoba Spain was forced to recognized that its domination of Latin America had ended

C) Two Unifications Italy and Germany

The Unification of Italy.

~1849 Victor Emmanuel II named Court Camillo Cavour his prime minister.

~Giuseppe Garibaldi raised a volunteer army and in 1860 drove Spain from the kingdom of the two Sicilies.

~Essentially unified by 1870.

Unification of Germany

~1861 William I appointed Otto von Bismarck, prime minister with aim of building military and consolidating under the reign of authority.

~Franco-Prussian War  consolidated the German Catholic regions under Prussian control.

~1888 William II was crowned, re-established authority as the emperor.

~by 1914 German felt capable of taking on any other power.

D) Other Political Developments

Russia Life with Czars

~1860's Alexander II, issued the Emancipation Edict which abolished serfdom.

~Alexander III created the policy of Russification.

~Nicholas II (1894-1917) revolution in the wind

~On Sunday in 1905, moderates marched Czar's palace in a peaceful protest where they shot, known as Bloody Sunday.

~Peter Stolypin was a prime minister.

~Duma was a body intended to represent the Russian people.

~Romanov Dynasty soon came to an end.

U.S. Foreign Policy

~Monroe Doctrine,1823, declaration that the western hemisphere was off limits to European Aggression.

` Roosevelt Corollary provided that the United States would intervene in financial disputes between European powers and countries in the Americas.

~ Panama Canal, 1904-1914, Panama (South America).

~ Spanish American War of 1898 was launched by americans who sympathized with the Cubans, gave Americans possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.