Part Two: Chapter Eight

Time Period: 1450 to 1750 C.E.

III. Major European Developments

A) Revolution in European Thought and Expression 

~Life was dominated by local issues, concern for salvation, territorial disputes, the Black Death, a lack of education outside the monasteries, and small scale trade. 

~Four major cultural movements:  The Renaissance, The Protestant Reformation, The Scientific Revelation, and the Enlightenment.

1. The Renaissance: Classical Civilization Part II

~Demand for goods and services increased rapidly after Black Death abated. 

~Middle class emerged due to global trade.

Humanism:  A Bit More Focus on the Here and Now

~For many, life was something to be suffered on the way to heaven rather then lived on a pursuit of it's own.

~The focus on human endeavors became know as humanism.

The Arts Stage a Comeback

~The Medici family in Florence ruled the great city that turned into a showcase of architecture and beauty by acting as patron for some of the greatest artist of all time,  including Michelangelo and Brunelleshi.  

~Leonardo da Vinci and Donatllo depicted the human figure as realistically as possible.  

~Artist also used liner perspective developed by Tommaso Masaccio and Fillipo Brunelleshi.

~ The Van Eyck brothers and Albrecht Durer adopted the idea of naturalism of the Italian painters and gained fame as portraitists.

~ Most northern paintings religiously motivated.

~ While northern artists were talented, were out done by Italians.

Western Writers Finally Get Readers

~ Printing press invented in mid-1400's  by Johannes Gutenburg.

~ With invention of printing press books became easer to produce and were far more affordable.

~ Growing middle class had a growing demand for books published in their own vernacular, of native language.

~ In 1517 C.E. Machiavelli published The Prince  a how-to book for monarchs to sustain their power and reign.

~ In the early 16th century Erasmus published a book called In Praise of Folly, which satirized what he thought were the most foolish political moves to date.

~ Sir thomas More of England wrote Utopia, Which described an ideal society in which everyone shared the wealth and everyones needs were met.

~ William Shakespeare was produced by the Renaissance.

2. The Protestant  Reformation: Streamlining the Salvation

~ A Indulgence was a piece of paper that the faithful could buy  to reduce time in purgatory ( the place that Roman Catholics believed that they would go after death) There they would expiate their sins and then be aloud to move on to heaven.

~ Helped Churches raise money and  maintain power over the Masses

Marten Luther: Monk on a Mission

~ Marten Luther was a german monk in 1517, he nailed a list of 95 theses in a church door- a list that was distributed quickly and widely by the new invention of the printing press.

~ His lists outlined his frustrations with the current church practices, including their selling of indulgences, which he said amounted to selling salvation for profit.

~ Pope Leo X was outraged, and ordered Luther to recant, or formerly retract his theses.

~ When Luther refused to recant he was excommunicated.

~ He was aloud to address Church leaders and princes at an assembly in Worms (1521) he refused to abandon his convictions once again and was ordered by the pope to be arrested. However a noble man from his home town protected him and his continued to write and spread his ideas.

Christianity Splits Again

~ Luther's followers began to call themselves Lutherans, and began to separate themselves from the Catholic Church.

~ John Calvin of France led a powerful Protestant group from France by preaching the idea of predestination.

~ In 1530's, the city of Geneva in Switzerland invited Calvin to construct a Protestant theocracy in their city.

~ From there Calvinist teachings spread.

~ Calvinism influenced religious development in Scotland under John Knox, and France with the growth of the Hugunots.

~ Spread to England.

~ King Henry VIII renounced Rome and declared himself head of religious affairs in England.

~ Presided over what was called the Church of England.

The Counter-Reformation: The Pope Reasserts his Authority

~ During the Catholic Reformation ( also called the counter-reformation) in the sixteenth century the Catholic Church itself reformed.

~ Ignatius loyola, founded the society of Jesuits.

~The Jesuits practiced self-control and moderation and believed that prayer and hard work lead to salvation.

~ A Group of Church officials know as the Council of Trent presided over the counter-reform period from  1545 to 1563.

~ By 1600 southern europe was heavily Catholic.

~ Northern Germany and Scandinavia were mostly Lutheran

~  Scotland was Calvinist as were pockets of Europe and France.

~ England was Anglican.

3. The Scientific Revolution

The Copernican Revolution:  A Revolution About Revolutions

~Nicolaus Copernicus developed a mathematical theory that asserted that earth and other celestial bodies rotated around the sun, and that earth rotated on it's axis daily.

~ In 1632 Galileo published his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World. Which was later placed on The Index, a list of banned heretical works, where astonishingly it remained until 1822.

The Scientific Method:  In Search of Truth

~Socialasticism was based on Aristotelianism, and therefore used reason as the chief method of determining truth.

~ Many contributers...

- Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) built observatory and recorded observations.

- Francis Bacon (1561- 1626) published works on inductive logic.

- Johannes Kepler (1571- 1630) developed laws of planetary motion based on observation and mathematics.

- Sir Isaac Newton invented calculus and the law of gravity. 

~ Atheists believe that no god exists .

~ Deists believe that God exists but plays a passive role in life.

Deism:  God as a Watchmaker

~ Scientific Revolution contributed to a belief system known as deism, which became popular in the 1700's 

~ Viewed god as a watch maker, one who set up the world, gave it natural laws by which to operate, and let it run my itself.

4. The Enlightenment:  Out of the Darkness, Into the Light

~The Enlightenment focused on the role of mankind to the government.

~ Ideas which later influenced to constitution.

~ Safe to say that writers of the Enlightenment period changed the world.

The Social Contract:  Power to the People

~ Held that governments were formed not by divine decree, but to meet the social and economic needs of the people being governed. 

~Thomas Hobbes ( 1588-1679) wrote Laviathan, thought that by nature people greedy, prone to war fair.

~John Locke (1632-1704) wrote Two Treatises on Government, believed that mankind for most part was good, also believed that all men wee born equal and had natural and unalienable rights to life, liberty, and property.

~Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712-1778) took the social contract theory to it's furthest extreme, arguing that all men are equal and that society should be organized according to the general will.

~Voltaire espoused the idea of religious toleration.

~Montesquieu argued for separation of powers among branches of government.

~Enlightenment Monarchs internalized the Enlightenment philosophy and made attempts to tolerate diversity, increase opportunities for serfs, and take on the responsibility that their role required. 

B. European Exploration and Expansion: Empires of the Wind

~Prince Henry the Navigator was the head of a royal family who supported exploration.

~In 1497 Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, explored east African Kingdoms and went all the way to india, where he established trade relations.

~Christopher Columbus found Cuba and the West Indies after setting sail in 1492.

~Treaty of Tordesillas established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal (north-south) line that runs through the western Atlantic Ocean.

~Amerugi Vespucci- explored South America on several trips around 1500; realized that the Continent was huge and not part of Asia: America was named after him.

~Ponce de Leon- In 1513, explored Florida for Spain in search of the fountain of youth.

~Vasco de Balboa- In 1513, explored much of Central America for Spain; laid sight on the Pacific Ocean.

~Ferdinand Magellan- In 1519, sailed around the tip of South America to Pacific Ocean for Portugal. He made it as far as the Philippines, where he died; his crew continued, however, and became the first to circumnavigate the globe.

~ Giovanni da Verrazano- In 1524 explored North American coast for France.

~ Sir Francis Drake- In 1578 explored the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe.

~John Cabot in 1597 explored the coast of North America for England.

~ Henry Hudson in 1609 sailed for the Dutch looking for a northwest passage to Asia; explored the Hudson River and made claims to the area for the Dutch.

And Now a Word from Our Sponsors

~ The Sternpost Rudder was invented in China during the Han Dynasty, it aloud for better navigation of larger ships. Ended up in European hands through trade.

~Lateen Sails aloud ships tho  sail in any direction no matter which way the wind was blowing. helped ships that were dependent on the wind, especially on the Indian Ocean.

~ The Astroble- a portable navigation device helped determine latitude by measuring the distance between the sun and stars, and the horizon.

~ Magnetic Compass, determined what direction you were going in even if you couldn't see land, borrowed from Chinese.

~ The Three-Masted Caravels were large ships that used significantly larger sails and could hold enough provisions for longer journeys.

The New World: Accidental Empire

~ In 1519 Hernan Cortes landed on the coast of Mexico with a small force of 600 men, and found himself at the heart of the Aztec Empire.

~ Guided by the Aztec neighbors who were resentful of the Aztec he found his way to the Aztec Capital of Tenochtitlan.

~ Montezuma was the Aztec ruler, he mistook Cortes with his pale skin and “ Horse Legs” for a god and gave him an offering of gold.

~ Because of the Gold the Spanish didn't hesitate to seize Montezuma and begin a siege on Tenochtitlan. 

Disease: The Ultimate Weapon of Mass Destruction

~ When the Spanish came to South America they brought diseases like smallpox with them.

~ There were 20 million native people in1520 but after smallpox there were only 2 million in 1580. Thats 18 million native people in 60 years.

~ In 1531, Franciso Pizarro set out for the Incas with only 200 men.

~ Disease, superior weapons, and help from the enemies quickly destroyed their enemies.

~ By 1535,  Pizarro was in control of the region.

The Encomienda System: American Feudalism

~ Once Spain had established a foot hold in the America, thousands of Spaniards arrived to build a new colonial empire.

~ At top were the peninsulares, than the Crillos or creoles, below them the mestizos, below them the mulattos, and then the native Americans.

~ Viceroys were appointed governors of each of the five regions of New Spain.

~ Established the Encomienda System, which was kind of like feudal system.

~ System provided the peninsulars with land a specified the number of native laborers. 

~ Christian Missionaries tried to get the leaders to better the natives lot, but the leaders reaction was to bring in African Slaves, which didn't help.

The Colombian Exchange: Continental Shift

~ Colombian Exchange was the result of Portugal and Spain coming to the New World.

~ Two Key products were Silver and Sugar.

Commercial Revolution: The New Economy

~ Age of Exploration made possible by new financing schemes that now form basis of present day economy.

~ Once banking became respectful, joint-stock company emerged.

~ Joint-stock company was an organization that created a pool of the resources of many merchants, thereby distributing the costs and risks of colonization and reduce the danger for individuals investors.

~ developed the modern-day concept of a stock market.

~ The Muscovy Company of England monopolized trade routes to Russia.

~ The Dutch East India Company controlled routes to the Spice Islands (modern day Indonesia).

~ Under the theory of mercantilism.

Oh Yeah... Remember Asia?

~ From sixteenth to eighteenth century Europeans managed to establish trade.

~ Trade with Asia dominated by the first by Portuguese than Dutch.

~ China and Japan separated themselves from the Europeans as much a possible.

IV. Developments in Specific Countries and Empires

A)The European Rivals

1. Spain and Portugal

~ King Ferdinand  was from Christian northern kingdoms, Queen Isabella from Muslim southern kingdoms of Spain.

~United kingdoms through marriage.

~ Helped spain grow allot.

~ International importance of Spain grew under Charles V.

~ Charles was a Hapsburg, a family that originated in Austria and through a series of arranged marriages created a huge empire stretching from Austria and Germany to Spain.

~ In 1519 Charles elected as Holy Roman Emperor, giving him the lands of France, the Netherlands, Austria, and Germany, as well as Spain.

~ In 1556 He retired and, he gave control to his brother Ferdinand I, he gave the throne of Spain etc. to his son    Philip II.

~ The Spanish Inquisition was to rid the land of any non-christians.

~ The Spanish Armada was once mighty.

~ By mid-seventeenth century Spain's glory days were over.

2. England

~King Henry VIII ruled from 1509 to 1547, established (under the Act of Supremacy) the Church of England, and placed himself at the head of the church.

~ Elizabeth ruled, over saw, the golden age in the arts, known as the Elizabeth age which lasted from (1558-1547).

~ The Muscovy Company was founded as the first joint-stock company, with British East India Company quickly following suit.

~ When James I came to power in England in 1607 it brought together the crowns of England and Scotland.

~ The pilgrims cross to Plymouth colony in 1620 happened during James' reign.

~ Charles I, son of James, rose to power in 1625.

~ In 1628 he signed the Petition of Right, which he basically ignored.

~ In 1640 Scotland invaded England, and King Charles I was force to call Parliament into session.

~ This Parliament was called the Long Parliament because it sat from 1640 to 1660.

~ In 1641 a civil war was started between Charles and his Cavaliers and the Parliament and there Roundheads.

~ As Result of the Roundheads winning their leader Oliver Cromwell rose to be the Lord Protecter of what they called they English Commonwealth.

~ After Cromwell's death Charles II, son of Charles I, was asked to take the throne and restore a limited monarchy.

~ Called Stuart Restoration (1660-1688).

~ In 1679 he signed the Habeas Corpus Act.

~ His Brother James II took over, in 1688 was driven from throne, and replaced by son-in-law and daughter, William and Mary, who promptly signed English Bill of Rights in 1689.

3. France

~Huguenots were a group of French Protestant

~In 1598 Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes

~Henry IV Frances first Bourbon King

~Cardinal Richelieu was a Catholic, played an important role as the chief advisor to the Bourbons

~Cardinal Mazarin established prepared France to hold the strong position it would achieve under Louis XIV

~Louis XIV was four years old when he inherited the crown of France

~ruled from 1643-1715

~Patronized the art

~~appoinetd Jean Baptiste Colbert to manage royal funds

~War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

~One of Louis XIV grandsons inherited spanish throne, his name was Philip V

~1750 had position as center for the arts firmly established

4. German Areas (The Holy Roman Empire Sort of)

~Holy roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to the Ottoman Turks in early 16th century

~The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) devastated the region significantly weakened the role of the Holy Roman emperors, which in the nineteenth century would finally lead to the rise of nation-states in the region

~By the eighteenth century, the northern German city-states, especially Prussia, were gaining momentum and power. 

~1555 Peace of Augsburg was intended to bring peace to the Catholics and Protestants

~Thirty Years' War began in 1618 when Protestant territories challenged the authority of the Holy Roman Catholic emperor

~Peace of Westphalia negotiated in 1648, independence of small German states was affirmed

~Holy Roman Empire survived until 1806

B) Russia Out of Isolation

~Ivan III of moscow refused to pay tribute to the Mongols and declared Russia free of Mongol rule

~His grandson Ivan IV,established absolute rule in Russia, uniting it and expanding it ever eastward

~Cossacks which were peasant-soldiers expanded Russian territories in he 16th - 18th centuries

~Ivan IV became know as Ivan the Terrible, also know as czar(Russian of "Caesar")

~Michael Romanov was elected czar by the feudal lords. The Romanov Dynasty added stability to the empire until 1917

~Peter the Great ruled from  1682 to 1725 he built Russia's first Navy and founded St. Petersburg

~Catherine the Great ruled from 1762-1796 implemented more policies of education and wester culture.

C) Islamic gunpowder Empires:  Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal

~Osman Bey founded the Muslim Ottoman Empire which rose in Turkey

~Ottmans were called Turks

~Children were enslaved of their Christian subjects  and turned into fighting warrior know as Janissaries

~SelimI came to power in 1512

~eight years later Suleiman I (a.k.a. Suleiman the Magnificent ) rose to power and built the military and encouraged the arts

~Babur in 1526 clamed to be a descended from Genghis Khan but was very much Muslim 

~Mughal Empire, dominated the AIndian subcontinent for the next 300 years

~Akbar ruled from 1556-1605 unify much of India by governing under a policy of religious toleration

~Shah Jahan, Akbar's grandson, the Taj Mahal was built

D) Africa

~Songhai, Kongo, and Angola were powerful kingdoms

~Songha was Islamic, built on conquest and military force.

~Kongo was a centralized Kingdom bolstered by trade with Portuguese 1480's

~King Alfonso I was successful at converting his people to Christianity.

~Angola also know as Ndongo was a Portuguese trading post 

~Queen Nzinga resisted Portuguese authority and control

E) Isolated Asia

1. China

~Zeng He, was a chinese navigator

~Qing warriors ousted the emperor in 1644

~Manchus ruled China until 1912

~Kangxi, ruled from 1662-1722

~Qianlong ruled from 1735-1795

christianity was banned in 1724

2. Japan

~In 1600 Tokugawa Shogunate was a strict government establishment that ruled until 1868 by Tokugawa Ieyasu

~Tokugawa period was also know as the Edo period because the capital was moved to Edo

~1635, National Seclusion Policy prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad

~Kabuki and haiku were two forms of poetry that became popular