The treatment of Non-muslim people in Africa

In this assignment we were asked to write three paragraphs about the treatment of Non-Muslim people in Africa and the some of the background behind it.

 

    In Africa the distance between Muslim and Non-Muslim people has begun to grow wider.  The relationship between them has begun to grow strained and violence has begun to break out. In Kaduna, Nigeria three years ago 2,000 people were killed in street protests that had to be brought under control by the army.  It is estimated that from 1999-2003 10,000 people in Nigeria were killed in fights between Muslim and Non-Muslim faiths (specifically Christianity). However these were seen as fights provoked by bias politicians who were trying to destabilize the country using cultural differences and misunderstandings.

    Because of the high population of Muslims in Nigeria there have been integrations of the Islamic civil code. All though there are already aspects of this code integrated into the Nigerian law they just integrated a set of harsh Sharia punishments. These punishments include, being stoned to death, amputation of limbs, and floggings. However Non- Muslims do not have to participate in these punishments. Though they do feel that these these additions to the law lead to a increase in Islamization and a decrease in the tolerance of Non-Muslim beliefs. They find it unacceptable that Sharia Law should make converting to Christianity punishable to death.

      There however has not always been such conflict between Muslim and Non-Muslim faiths. Early in its beginning Islam was often very tolerant of other faiths, and it was off the ideas of Christianity and Judaism that Islam was built. But when Islam began to spread it's battle for religious territory with Christianity might have turned the two against each for competitive reasons. Islam began to spread in Northern Africa through conquest and trade in the Post Classical Period. This Area was originally controlled by the Roman Empire, making it's religious beliefs Christian.  Islam then spread through trade to the rest of Africa, but it could not however hard it tried make Christian Ethiopia convert to the Islamic religion. Which probably caused a little angry spot to form in the Muslims heart. Despite the lineage relationship between the two religions they still remain major competitors with major conflicts.

helpful sites?
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3155279.stm  

 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3155279.stm

http://allafrica.com/religion/

http://www.iqra.net/Dua/prayer.php

DBQ on the relationship between Trade and Religion in the post classical world

Religion and trade connect and unite the world in ways that we can not live with out and in ways we can not imagine. Sometimes they conflict and sometimes they don't. It all depends on who you are, where you are, and what time it is. Trade and religion were often found to conflict during the post classical period, however in some areas they harmonized and existed side by side. To make this a well rounded post classical consensus it would be nice to have articles from all over the world. Which is why it would be nice to have an article on India or Polynesia, because they would bring something new and diverse to the table, and trade and religion played large parts in their histories.

In many regions of the post classical world religion and trade were often found to conflict. Some regions believed that by trading with those who were culturally different and those who had different religious beliefs, they were helping the enemy (Doc #4). They viewed the other religions as inferior but often felt the threat of conversion and conquest, making them defensive. Trading with the enemy was seen as giving the enemy weapons and weapon material, therefore aiding them in the growth of their religion, and adding pressure to the other. Their were also regions that viewed market places as sinful and were completely against trading (Doc # 5). They felt that market places were held where they did not belong and that they too often caused men to miss church. A market place was viewed as a place where lies and deceit were made to gain profit, and place where quarrels and fights often broke out because of it. Which, therefore gave it's popularity a turn for the worse.

There were also regions of the post classical world where trade was found to conflict with religion (Doc#2). They felt that the manors of of the tradesmen were inferior to those of rulers. To buy, sell and seek profit they often used evasiveness and disputation. This lead to a decrease and weakening in moral virtue. They understood that trading was a means of livelihood, but felt that the methods were tricks aimed at profit.

However there also were many regions in the post classical world where religion and trade were not found to conflict. In some it was felt that there was no harm in seeking the bounty of the lord (Doc #1 ). Therefore a transaction where both parties spoke the truth and described the defects and qualities would be blessed. A transaction that involved deceitfulness would lose it's blessing, seeing that it was against the way of the lord. It was also felt that the buyer and the seller had the right to keep or return goods they had received through the trading system.

 

Throughout the post classical world there were also regions of religion that embraced trade (Doc.#3 ) These regions believed that trade was some thing you learned over time. They felt that it was to be built up, meaning that you would start small and work your way up to the big stuff by associating yourself with other merchants and learning from each other. It was believed that trading involved wisdom, and that traders were neither puffed up by good testimony or driven down by the reproach of poverty, and that they were respectful and charitable.
 

It was not only religion that found it self facing off against trade, but philosophical thinking (Confucianism) as well. It was this region in the post classical world that felt that traders were selfish and greedy (Doc #6). There, merchants wore rich elegant clothing and ate fancy food. Their horses were decked out and people attracted to their wealth would often ask to serve them. It was also there that the merchants would boast of their wisdom and ability. They believed that they knew all of the possible transformations in the universe and therefore could calculate all of the changes in the human world, and that the path of the prices was completely under their control. Also that they would not make one mistake out if a hundred of every one of their equations. Their wisdom and ability were insignificant and all they really were was a pile of silk and sushi.

It can be concluded from the documents provided that in the post classical world trade and religion were generally found to conflict. This can be determined by the 4:2 ratio (4 trade and religion conflict, 2 trade and religion do not conflict) found in the data. Trade was generally disliked because it involved deceit and other sinful and morally demeaning objectives. The merchants were generally overconfident and selfish and puffed-up and were known for their slippery tongues.n This resulted in a pro and con relationship because trade was necessary for countrys to survive, but it was often against religious beliefs. It is predictable that an Islamic article for the eighth century would support trade (Doc # 1), simply because of the fact the Muhammad, the founder, was a merchant. And the time suggests that Islam has not yet completely diffused and subjugated itself to the traditional culture of a particular area. It is also predictable that a Chinese article in the sixteenth century would suggest that merchants are not so wise, because merchants and traders never really held a place in the Chinese social structure, and the rulers looked down upon them.

Religion is what held countries together and trade is what connected them, however they did not always unite under the same banner. I believe that it would be helpful to have an article from India or Polynesia. This is simply because of the fact that I believe that different areas of the world will offer more diversities and opinions. I feel that by adding areas that are more diverse and by covering all major parts of the post classical world, it will help to better round the study of the interactions between trade and religion during the post classical period.


Doc #1- From the Hadith (Islamic legal code)8th century C.E.
Doc #2-A Muslim View of the Characheristics of Traders: Ibn Khaldun 1300's C.E.
Doc#3-Depiction of Saint Godric, a British merchant by his Christian biographer, Reginald of Durham 1100's C.E.
Doc#4-Pope Innocent III: License to Venice to trade with the Saracens 1198 C.E.
Doc # 5-Humbert de Romans: An Account of Medieval European fairs and markets 1250 C.E.
Doc # 6- China: Zang Han's Essay on Merchants 1500's C.E.

Aritcle About the Posistion of Women in Islamic Society

http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2008/11/20081118103940850761.html

Muslim woman defies male dominance

By Farah El Alfy in Cairo, Egypt

Amal Soliman, a 32-year-old Egyptian woman, has endured intimidation and ridicule in the year since she applied for a job as the Muslim world's first mazouna, or female marriage registrar, but she says her victory has been worth the fight.

In late September, Soliman, who holds a Masters degree in Islamic Sharia law, broke into what has until now been an exclusively males-only club.

However, the Committee of Egyptian Mazouns, an all-male organisation, challenged Soliman's application saying the job would be inappropriate for a woman and voiced their opinion in a statement issued by the committee.

A marriage officer presides over a wedding (or divorce) ceremony, recites verses from the Quran and signs the official certificates making the union legally binding.

Al Jazeera recently spoke with Soliman shortly after she conducted her first wedding ceremony on October 25.

Al Jazeera: Why did you decide to apply for a position that has traditionally – and for centuries – been a male vocation?

Soliman: In 2007 one of the two marriage officers of my neighbourhood passed away, leaving behind a job opportunity.

For three months everyone wondered who would be able to replace Al Hajj Abou Mesalam and right before the deadline (October 2007) for applying I rushed over to the civil court in Zagazig, the heart of rural Egypt, to give in my application.

I had been interested in pursuing a doctorate degree in Islamic studies but also maintaining a flexible job that would allow me to spend time with my three children.

Legally, there is no reason why a woman can't do the job, and the Mufti (Islamic scholar and interpreter of Islamic law) said it was religiously acceptable as it is only an administrative position.

In October 2007, my husband and I formally submitted an application to the local family court clerk for the post of marriage officer.

Was your application accepted?

Soliman with her husband and children [EPA]

Well, I took my husband with me because I was afraid I would be made fun of, which I was.

When I applied the man at the desk laughed openly at me and said that is was just not possible.

He imagined I would go home and forget about it, but instead I argued and told him that I had studied Sharia Law and I know it is an administrative job.

Though the clerk refused to accept my submission, I turned to Ibrahim Darwish, head of the local magistrate in Zagazig for his opinion.

Darwish was puzzled; he said there was no precedent for this situation so he did not know what to say. I took that as a sign that there was a small window of opportunity.

I then consulted Khaled el-Shalkamy, the head judge of Zagazig's family court.

I told him it was my right to be nominee as I was extremely qualified.

I told him just to accept me and let the other people involved in the selection process do the rest.

Were there no other applicants for the job?

Actually, I was in competition with 10 other candidates, all men, but none of them held post-graduate degrees in Sharia law like I did.

So el-Shalkamy accepted my application.

On February 25, I couldn't hold back my tears as I stood in front of the local court and was appointed as my district's new mazouna.

But the battle was half-won. I would not be able to begin work as a mazouna until Mamdouh Marei, the Egyptian minister of justice, formally signed off and authorised my appointment.

But many males did not accept the idea that a woman could hold what has been a man's job and you were targeted in the media.

The chairman of the Committee of Egyptian Mazouns, Muhammad Abou Ayeeta, said "the Ministry [of Justice] should refuse the appointment, because it is unacceptable that women would work in this occupation."

How did you deal with the backlash?

Well, at first my optimism slowly started to fade as I saw so much opposition. Some
columnists wrote that I was out to destroy tradition, that I was a threat to the religion and should be punished for pursuing the post.

But there were two main reasons for the opposition I faced. Firstly, it is simply rooted in male chauvinism. These people believe the woman's place is firmly in her house.

The other group was comprised of uneducated people who have developed an image of women's role in Islam from television; usually based on the words of a sheikh with a turban on his head.

Arguments made against me claimed that a woman couldn't perform marriages because of menstruation, as religion prevents women from praying or entering a mosque during her monthly cycle.

Others claimed that it was inappropriate for a woman to sit amongst men during the signing of the marriage certificates, which is traditionally predominately a male gathering where the marriage officer sits directly between the groom and his father-in-law.

Did no religious authority or group support you?

Well, four months after contacting the Ministry of Justice and receiving no word, I contacted the National Council for Women for a louder voice and stronger backing.

Both my opponents and proponents were beginning to wonder if I would ever receive the approval of the ministry of justice.

From the first moment that my papers where accepted as a nominee, the national press caught wind of this unusual event.

A journalist in Al Akhbar, one of Egypt's leading newspapers, heard about the situation, and helped launch my cause as a national debate.

Eventually the news went global. I think the media was a catalyst and made my appointment go through faster than it would have.

It made me happy to have so much international coverage … Sometimes when I'm sitting alone I wonder if I'm dreaming. What is going on? Did we really pull this off?

I'm happy not just for me; I had always wanted to show the world Egypt's developments with regards to women rights and gender equality.

But you did not get ministry approval until September 27; why did it take the ministry so long?

Of course I was happy and relieved, but more importantly I regained my confidence when the minister finally signed my appointment. I had slowly started to doubt myself up to that point.

However, I now believe that the minister had to be cautious, as this case was the first of its kind.

But laws are not religion. We can develop them.

On November 14, the United Arab Emirates followed in Egypt's footsteps and appointed Fatima Saeed Obeid Al Awani as a mazouna in the Abu Dhabi Judicial Department.

Link to News Articles with a Christian Point of View

http://198.62.75.4/opt/xampp/custodia/?p=2886

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7683495.stm

  

These links will lead you to articles that are written  with a Christian point of view. The first link will lead you to a Vatican web page that could be considered local news. The second will lead you to the BBC web page  that is considered world news. Enjoy!

POV

US Pesters Iraq Over SOFA
~ The general point of this article is anti American. This is because the Iranians believe that America is trying to force Iraq into siging the SOFA deal, as the article clearly states, " John Negroponte’s surprise visit to Iraq is aimed at forcing Iraqis into signing the SOFA deal." They believe that any us presence in Iraq is very bad, wanting all us troops and officals to leave thier country soon. Even though the US has no intention of doing this soon. Therefore this Iranian news paper Takes the side of the Iraqi's and tries to make the US' Deputies Secretary of State look like a bad foolish liar, instead of trying to make him look good.



http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3237/html/east.htm#s336156

Part Two: Chapter Ten

All notes for this chapter have been hand written in a journal.

Part Two: Chapter Nine

Time Period:  1750  to 1914

III Industry and Imperialism

A) The Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution II

~enclose, Public lands were closed in with fences.

~Urbanization was a natural out growth of the increased efficiencies in farming and agriculture.

~cities developed in areas where manufacturing materials were available.

Technological Innovations

~Domestic systems were a n inefficient and highly labor-intensive arrangement.

~1733, John Kay invented a flying shuttle which sped up the weaving process

~1764 John Haregreaves invented the spinning Jerry~1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.

~Steam engine took many people to perfect

~developed in early 1700's by Thomas Newcomer, improved by James Wattin in 1769

~First steam ship built by Robert Fulton in 1807

~1820's George Stephenson built first Steam-powered locomotive.

But Wait, Theres More

~Telegraph 1837, Samuel Morse

~Telephone, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell

~Light Bulb, 1879, Thomas Edison

~Internal Combustion engine, 1855, Gottlieb Daimler

~Radio, 1890's Marconi Guglielmo

~Airplane, 1903, Wright Brothers

Factory System

~Interchangeable parts were a system of Eli Whitney.

~Assembly live was Harrison focus was of production

~Not a great place to work

New Economic and Social Philosophies

~Adam Smith wrote in The Wealth on Nations (1776) that economic prosperity and fairness is vest achieved through private ownership.

~A free Market System is also known as Capitalism

~The process of laisses-faire, Capitalism is when the government removes them selves entirely from regulation.

~Karl Marx, was a German Philosopher and economist.

~Marxism served as the foundation for socialism and communism.

~Luddites were a group of workers who destroyed factory equipment at night to protest poor working conditions, in early spring 1800"S

~mid-nineteen hundreds split in thought among intellects and policy markets

~Middle class along with Democracy, and the free-market system were growing in the United States.

Capitalism and Enlightenment combine

~Factory Act of 1883 limited house of worker each weekday, restricted children from working, and made working conditions and threaten to strike.

~Social mobility became more common place

~Slave trade abolished in 1807

~Slavery outlawed in  Berlin in 1833 and in the United States in 1863ish

~In 1920 in the US and 1928 in Britain, woman's suffrage movement was successful in getting women's right to vote.

In Search of Natural Resources

~Colonies would harvest natural resources.  Send to Europe where product would be made, sent back to colonies would have to buy products.

~Colonial Powers became rich at colonies expanse.

The European Justification

~Social Darwinists applied charles Darwin's biological theory of natural selection to sociology.

~Europeans believed that they were superior, and that they had a moral obligation to teach other people how to be more civilized.

~Rudyard Kipling summed it up in his poem "White Man's Burden"

B) European Imperialism in India

~The British East India company, was a join-stock company that operated by a multinational corporation with exclusive rights over British trade with India, then led by Robert Clive, raised and effective army that ridded the sub-continent of the French

The Sepoy Muting

~Bahadur Shah II was exiled when the british took control of India.

~1877 Queen Victoria recognized as Empress of India

Full-Blown british Colonialism

~India became m~odel of british imperialism

~1885 well educated Indians formed the Indian National Congress to begin a path towards independence.

C) European Imperialism in China

The Opium War

~From 1839 to 1842 Britain and ?China fought a war over the opium trade

~Known as the first Opium War

~China forced to sign Treaty of Nonjing the first of the "unequal treaties".

~Second Opium war fought 1856-1860

The Word is Out: China is Crumbling

~White Lotus Rebellions, Internal rebellion led by buddhists, frustrated over taxes and government corruption.

~Taiping Rebellion, nearly succeeded in bringing Manchu government down.

~1860's Manchu Dynasty tried the self-Strengthening movement

~1876 Korea declares freedom

~1883, Sino-French War, lost hold of the Vietnam to French

~Treaty of Shimono Seki (1895 forced to hand over control of Taian, grant Japanese trading routs.

~Sphere on Influence allowed France, Germany, Russia and Britain to curve slices out of China.

~Open Door Policy United States announced equal trading Privileges among all imperial privileges.

The Boxer Rebellion

~Organized in response to the Mancu governments defeated and concessions to Western powers and Japan.

~Adopted gorilla warfare tactics.

~China forced to sign Boxer Protocol

~1911 government toppled

~Republic rebuilt by Sun Yat-sen

D.) Japanese Imperialism

~1853 Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan by steam-boat

~Treaty of Kanqawa (1854) helped West win Concessions from Japanese.

The Meiji Restoration

~Ushered in an era of Japanese westernization

~1870's Japan building railways and steam ships

~1876 demolished Samurai Warrior classes

~After Russo-Japanese War of 1904, Japan kicked "Russia out of Manchuria and established our piece of influence there.

E.) European Imperialism in Africa

Slave trade finally ends

~Between 1807-1820 most European countries abolished slave trade.

South Africa: Gold rings, a diamond Necklace, a british Crown

~Prior to discovery of gold and diamonds, South Africa was valued only for shipping and military reasons.

~After the Beor Wars (1899-1902) the British reigned supreme.

~1910 colony had it's own constitution and was known as the Union of South Africa.

~1912 organized African National Congress in an effort to oppose the Europeans Coloism and specific Sout African policies.

~Similar to Indian National Congress

Egypt: A New Water Way

~Ottoman ruled from 1517-1882

~Mahammed Ali defeated French and Ottomen and gain control of Egypt in 1805.

~Westernization attempts haulted by successor Abbas I

~Suez Canal completed in 1869 connected Mediterranean, Ocean to the Indian Ocean.

~By 1882 Britian controlled suez canal, and delared Egypt a British protectorate

Berlin Conference

~By 1914 only Ethopia and Liberia remained independent of European control.

VI Political Developments In The American and Europe

A.) Two Revolutions,m American and French

1. American Revolution

~In 1763 Britain revoted over the French in what is known as the French and Indian War, and the Seven year war.

~George Greenville and Charles Townstead passed unpopular laws on behalf of the british Crown.

~Laws such as Revenge Act (1764)Stamp Act (1765) Tea Act (1773)

~Thomas Paine urged colonists to support the movement. Wrote a widely a wildly distributed pamphlet, called Common sense

France More Than Happy to Oblige

~1777 committed ships, soldiers, weapons, and money to the causes.

~In 1781 French and American Troops concord the british Army.

2.) French Revolution

~1789 Laws XVI called a meeting of the Estates General, a group that had not met in 175 years.

~On June 17, 1789 the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly.

~By August, National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of men.

A New Constitution Causes Consternation

~The Constitution became the ruling body.

~Led by radicals known as Jacobion, the convention imprisoned the royal family land in 1793 beheaded the King for treason.

Reign of Terror: The hard fought Constitution gets tossed aside.

~ /convention through out the Constitution and created the committed of public Safety

~Led by Maximilien Robespierre and Jacobins, wasn't really a committee of personal , seeing it was responsible for the beheading of tons tens and thousands of french citizens.

~France wrote new constitution in 1795 and established a 5 min. government called the Directory

Napoleon: Big Things come in Small Packages

~Napoleon Bonaparte was a general by the age of 24.

~Overthrew the Directory in 1799, and Declared himself First Consul

~Nepoleonic Code (!804) recognized the equality of the French citizens and instituted some of the Enlightenment ideas that had served as the inspirations for many revolutionaries.

~His troops conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal and Kingdoms within Italy, also disintegrated called Holy Roman Empire. 

~1800, crowned himself emperor of of this vast empire.

~1810 empire reached peak

~1812,greed got the better of him and forced himself into exile.

~Prince von Metternich of Austria, Alexander I of Russia, duke of Wellington of Britain, railed against him at Waterloo in 1813 where they sent him to permanent exile at St. Helena Island where he later died.

B.) Lots of Independence Movements

Haiti: Slave Revolt Send France a Jolt

~1801 Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture a former lave lead a long, violent, successful slave revolt.

~Jacques Dessolins, reclaimed Haiti a free republic in 1804 and named himself governor-general for life

~Haiti was first free Latin American Nation.

South America: Visions of Grondur

~In Venezuela ejected French governor and appointed own leader, Simon Bolivia.

~1811 declared independence form Spain

~In Argentina Jose de San Martin put his extensive military experience in for rebels in 1814, took control of armies.

~Took revolutionary movement through Argentina, Chile and Peru.

~By 1820's a huge chunk of South Africa was independent.

Brazil:  Power to the Pedros

~John VI Portuguese King fled to Brazil and set up court in exile.

~1821, left Brazil to Son Pedro and moved back to Portugal

~Declared Brazilian independence self emperor and wrote the constitution.

~1831, gave power to son Pedro II who in 1880 abolished slavery

~Land-owning class established republican 1889

~Mexico: Tale of two Priests

~Miguel Hidalgo, creole priest who simplified for those who had been abused under Spanish colonialism.

~Jose Morelos led revolution to success against loyalists.

~Treaty of Cordoba Spain was forced to recognized that its domination of Latin America had ended

C) Two Unifications Italy and Germany

The Unification of Italy.

~1849 Victor Emmanuel II named Court Camillo Cavour his prime minister.

~Giuseppe Garibaldi raised a volunteer army and in 1860 drove Spain from the kingdom of the two Sicilies.

~Essentially unified by 1870.

Unification of Germany

~1861 William I appointed Otto von Bismarck, prime minister with aim of building military and consolidating under the reign of authority.

~Franco-Prussian War  consolidated the German Catholic regions under Prussian control.

~1888 William II was crowned, re-established authority as the emperor.

~by 1914 German felt capable of taking on any other power.

D) Other Political Developments

Russia Life with Czars

~1860's Alexander II, issued the Emancipation Edict which abolished serfdom.

~Alexander III created the policy of Russification.

~Nicholas II (1894-1917) revolution in the wind

~On Sunday in 1905, moderates marched Czar's palace in a peaceful protest where they shot, known as Bloody Sunday.

~Peter Stolypin was a prime minister.

~Duma was a body intended to represent the Russian people.

~Romanov Dynasty soon came to an end.

U.S. Foreign Policy

~Monroe Doctrine,1823, declaration that the western hemisphere was off limits to European Aggression.

` Roosevelt Corollary provided that the United States would intervene in financial disputes between European powers and countries in the Americas.

~ Panama Canal, 1904-1914, Panama (South America).

~ Spanish American War of 1898 was launched by americans who sympathized with the Cubans, gave Americans possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Part Two: Chapter Eight

Time Period: 1450 to 1750 C.E.

III. Major European Developments

A) Revolution in European Thought and Expression 

~Life was dominated by local issues, concern for salvation, territorial disputes, the Black Death, a lack of education outside the monasteries, and small scale trade. 

~Four major cultural movements:  The Renaissance, The Protestant Reformation, The Scientific Revelation, and the Enlightenment.

1. The Renaissance: Classical Civilization Part II

~Demand for goods and services increased rapidly after Black Death abated. 

~Middle class emerged due to global trade.

Humanism:  A Bit More Focus on the Here and Now

~For many, life was something to be suffered on the way to heaven rather then lived on a pursuit of it's own.

~The focus on human endeavors became know as humanism.

The Arts Stage a Comeback

~The Medici family in Florence ruled the great city that turned into a showcase of architecture and beauty by acting as patron for some of the greatest artist of all time,  including Michelangelo and Brunelleshi.  

~Leonardo da Vinci and Donatllo depicted the human figure as realistically as possible.  

~Artist also used liner perspective developed by Tommaso Masaccio and Fillipo Brunelleshi.

~ The Van Eyck brothers and Albrecht Durer adopted the idea of naturalism of the Italian painters and gained fame as portraitists.

~ Most northern paintings religiously motivated.

~ While northern artists were talented, were out done by Italians.

Western Writers Finally Get Readers

~ Printing press invented in mid-1400's  by Johannes Gutenburg.

~ With invention of printing press books became easer to produce and were far more affordable.

~ Growing middle class had a growing demand for books published in their own vernacular, of native language.

~ In 1517 C.E. Machiavelli published The Prince  a how-to book for monarchs to sustain their power and reign.

~ In the early 16th century Erasmus published a book called In Praise of Folly, which satirized what he thought were the most foolish political moves to date.

~ Sir thomas More of England wrote Utopia, Which described an ideal society in which everyone shared the wealth and everyones needs were met.

~ William Shakespeare was produced by the Renaissance.

2. The Protestant  Reformation: Streamlining the Salvation

~ A Indulgence was a piece of paper that the faithful could buy  to reduce time in purgatory ( the place that Roman Catholics believed that they would go after death) There they would expiate their sins and then be aloud to move on to heaven.

~ Helped Churches raise money and  maintain power over the Masses

Marten Luther: Monk on a Mission

~ Marten Luther was a german monk in 1517, he nailed a list of 95 theses in a church door- a list that was distributed quickly and widely by the new invention of the printing press.

~ His lists outlined his frustrations with the current church practices, including their selling of indulgences, which he said amounted to selling salvation for profit.

~ Pope Leo X was outraged, and ordered Luther to recant, or formerly retract his theses.

~ When Luther refused to recant he was excommunicated.

~ He was aloud to address Church leaders and princes at an assembly in Worms (1521) he refused to abandon his convictions once again and was ordered by the pope to be arrested. However a noble man from his home town protected him and his continued to write and spread his ideas.

Christianity Splits Again

~ Luther's followers began to call themselves Lutherans, and began to separate themselves from the Catholic Church.

~ John Calvin of France led a powerful Protestant group from France by preaching the idea of predestination.

~ In 1530's, the city of Geneva in Switzerland invited Calvin to construct a Protestant theocracy in their city.

~ From there Calvinist teachings spread.

~ Calvinism influenced religious development in Scotland under John Knox, and France with the growth of the Hugunots.

~ Spread to England.

~ King Henry VIII renounced Rome and declared himself head of religious affairs in England.

~ Presided over what was called the Church of England.

The Counter-Reformation: The Pope Reasserts his Authority

~ During the Catholic Reformation ( also called the counter-reformation) in the sixteenth century the Catholic Church itself reformed.

~ Ignatius loyola, founded the society of Jesuits.

~The Jesuits practiced self-control and moderation and believed that prayer and hard work lead to salvation.

~ A Group of Church officials know as the Council of Trent presided over the counter-reform period from  1545 to 1563.

~ By 1600 southern europe was heavily Catholic.

~ Northern Germany and Scandinavia were mostly Lutheran

~  Scotland was Calvinist as were pockets of Europe and France.

~ England was Anglican.

3. The Scientific Revolution

The Copernican Revolution:  A Revolution About Revolutions

~Nicolaus Copernicus developed a mathematical theory that asserted that earth and other celestial bodies rotated around the sun, and that earth rotated on it's axis daily.

~ In 1632 Galileo published his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World. Which was later placed on The Index, a list of banned heretical works, where astonishingly it remained until 1822.

The Scientific Method:  In Search of Truth

~Socialasticism was based on Aristotelianism, and therefore used reason as the chief method of determining truth.

~ Many contributers...

- Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) built observatory and recorded observations.

- Francis Bacon (1561- 1626) published works on inductive logic.

- Johannes Kepler (1571- 1630) developed laws of planetary motion based on observation and mathematics.

- Sir Isaac Newton invented calculus and the law of gravity. 

~ Atheists believe that no god exists .

~ Deists believe that God exists but plays a passive role in life.

Deism:  God as a Watchmaker

~ Scientific Revolution contributed to a belief system known as deism, which became popular in the 1700's 

~ Viewed god as a watch maker, one who set up the world, gave it natural laws by which to operate, and let it run my itself.

4. The Enlightenment:  Out of the Darkness, Into the Light

~The Enlightenment focused on the role of mankind to the government.

~ Ideas which later influenced to constitution.

~ Safe to say that writers of the Enlightenment period changed the world.

The Social Contract:  Power to the People

~ Held that governments were formed not by divine decree, but to meet the social and economic needs of the people being governed. 

~Thomas Hobbes ( 1588-1679) wrote Laviathan, thought that by nature people greedy, prone to war fair.

~John Locke (1632-1704) wrote Two Treatises on Government, believed that mankind for most part was good, also believed that all men wee born equal and had natural and unalienable rights to life, liberty, and property.

~Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712-1778) took the social contract theory to it's furthest extreme, arguing that all men are equal and that society should be organized according to the general will.

~Voltaire espoused the idea of religious toleration.

~Montesquieu argued for separation of powers among branches of government.

~Enlightenment Monarchs internalized the Enlightenment philosophy and made attempts to tolerate diversity, increase opportunities for serfs, and take on the responsibility that their role required. 

B. European Exploration and Expansion: Empires of the Wind

~Prince Henry the Navigator was the head of a royal family who supported exploration.

~In 1497 Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, explored east African Kingdoms and went all the way to india, where he established trade relations.

~Christopher Columbus found Cuba and the West Indies after setting sail in 1492.

~Treaty of Tordesillas established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal (north-south) line that runs through the western Atlantic Ocean.

~Amerugi Vespucci- explored South America on several trips around 1500; realized that the Continent was huge and not part of Asia: America was named after him.

~Ponce de Leon- In 1513, explored Florida for Spain in search of the fountain of youth.

~Vasco de Balboa- In 1513, explored much of Central America for Spain; laid sight on the Pacific Ocean.

~Ferdinand Magellan- In 1519, sailed around the tip of South America to Pacific Ocean for Portugal. He made it as far as the Philippines, where he died; his crew continued, however, and became the first to circumnavigate the globe.

~ Giovanni da Verrazano- In 1524 explored North American coast for France.

~ Sir Francis Drake- In 1578 explored the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe.

~John Cabot in 1597 explored the coast of North America for England.

~ Henry Hudson in 1609 sailed for the Dutch looking for a northwest passage to Asia; explored the Hudson River and made claims to the area for the Dutch.

And Now a Word from Our Sponsors

~ The Sternpost Rudder was invented in China during the Han Dynasty, it aloud for better navigation of larger ships. Ended up in European hands through trade.

~Lateen Sails aloud ships tho  sail in any direction no matter which way the wind was blowing. helped ships that were dependent on the wind, especially on the Indian Ocean.

~ The Astroble- a portable navigation device helped determine latitude by measuring the distance between the sun and stars, and the horizon.

~ Magnetic Compass, determined what direction you were going in even if you couldn't see land, borrowed from Chinese.

~ The Three-Masted Caravels were large ships that used significantly larger sails and could hold enough provisions for longer journeys.

The New World: Accidental Empire

~ In 1519 Hernan Cortes landed on the coast of Mexico with a small force of 600 men, and found himself at the heart of the Aztec Empire.

~ Guided by the Aztec neighbors who were resentful of the Aztec he found his way to the Aztec Capital of Tenochtitlan.

~ Montezuma was the Aztec ruler, he mistook Cortes with his pale skin and “ Horse Legs” for a god and gave him an offering of gold.

~ Because of the Gold the Spanish didn't hesitate to seize Montezuma and begin a siege on Tenochtitlan. 

Disease: The Ultimate Weapon of Mass Destruction

~ When the Spanish came to South America they brought diseases like smallpox with them.

~ There were 20 million native people in1520 but after smallpox there were only 2 million in 1580. Thats 18 million native people in 60 years.

~ In 1531, Franciso Pizarro set out for the Incas with only 200 men.

~ Disease, superior weapons, and help from the enemies quickly destroyed their enemies.

~ By 1535,  Pizarro was in control of the region.

The Encomienda System: American Feudalism

~ Once Spain had established a foot hold in the America, thousands of Spaniards arrived to build a new colonial empire.

~ At top were the peninsulares, than the Crillos or creoles, below them the mestizos, below them the mulattos, and then the native Americans.

~ Viceroys were appointed governors of each of the five regions of New Spain.

~ Established the Encomienda System, which was kind of like feudal system.

~ System provided the peninsulars with land a specified the number of native laborers. 

~ Christian Missionaries tried to get the leaders to better the natives lot, but the leaders reaction was to bring in African Slaves, which didn't help.

The Colombian Exchange: Continental Shift

~ Colombian Exchange was the result of Portugal and Spain coming to the New World.

~ Two Key products were Silver and Sugar.

Commercial Revolution: The New Economy

~ Age of Exploration made possible by new financing schemes that now form basis of present day economy.

~ Once banking became respectful, joint-stock company emerged.

~ Joint-stock company was an organization that created a pool of the resources of many merchants, thereby distributing the costs and risks of colonization and reduce the danger for individuals investors.

~ developed the modern-day concept of a stock market.

~ The Muscovy Company of England monopolized trade routes to Russia.

~ The Dutch East India Company controlled routes to the Spice Islands (modern day Indonesia).

~ Under the theory of mercantilism.

Oh Yeah... Remember Asia?

~ From sixteenth to eighteenth century Europeans managed to establish trade.

~ Trade with Asia dominated by the first by Portuguese than Dutch.

~ China and Japan separated themselves from the Europeans as much a possible.

IV. Developments in Specific Countries and Empires

A)The European Rivals

1. Spain and Portugal

~ King Ferdinand  was from Christian northern kingdoms, Queen Isabella from Muslim southern kingdoms of Spain.

~United kingdoms through marriage.

~ Helped spain grow allot.

~ International importance of Spain grew under Charles V.

~ Charles was a Hapsburg, a family that originated in Austria and through a series of arranged marriages created a huge empire stretching from Austria and Germany to Spain.

~ In 1519 Charles elected as Holy Roman Emperor, giving him the lands of France, the Netherlands, Austria, and Germany, as well as Spain.

~ In 1556 He retired and, he gave control to his brother Ferdinand I, he gave the throne of Spain etc. to his son    Philip II.

~ The Spanish Inquisition was to rid the land of any non-christians.

~ The Spanish Armada was once mighty.

~ By mid-seventeenth century Spain's glory days were over.

2. England

~King Henry VIII ruled from 1509 to 1547, established (under the Act of Supremacy) the Church of England, and placed himself at the head of the church.

~ Elizabeth ruled, over saw, the golden age in the arts, known as the Elizabeth age which lasted from (1558-1547).

~ The Muscovy Company was founded as the first joint-stock company, with British East India Company quickly following suit.

~ When James I came to power in England in 1607 it brought together the crowns of England and Scotland.

~ The pilgrims cross to Plymouth colony in 1620 happened during James' reign.

~ Charles I, son of James, rose to power in 1625.

~ In 1628 he signed the Petition of Right, which he basically ignored.

~ In 1640 Scotland invaded England, and King Charles I was force to call Parliament into session.

~ This Parliament was called the Long Parliament because it sat from 1640 to 1660.

~ In 1641 a civil war was started between Charles and his Cavaliers and the Parliament and there Roundheads.

~ As Result of the Roundheads winning their leader Oliver Cromwell rose to be the Lord Protecter of what they called they English Commonwealth.

~ After Cromwell's death Charles II, son of Charles I, was asked to take the throne and restore a limited monarchy.

~ Called Stuart Restoration (1660-1688).

~ In 1679 he signed the Habeas Corpus Act.

~ His Brother James II took over, in 1688 was driven from throne, and replaced by son-in-law and daughter, William and Mary, who promptly signed English Bill of Rights in 1689.

3. France

~Huguenots were a group of French Protestant

~In 1598 Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes

~Henry IV Frances first Bourbon King

~Cardinal Richelieu was a Catholic, played an important role as the chief advisor to the Bourbons

~Cardinal Mazarin established prepared France to hold the strong position it would achieve under Louis XIV

~Louis XIV was four years old when he inherited the crown of France

~ruled from 1643-1715

~Patronized the art

~~appoinetd Jean Baptiste Colbert to manage royal funds

~War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

~One of Louis XIV grandsons inherited spanish throne, his name was Philip V

~1750 had position as center for the arts firmly established

4. German Areas (The Holy Roman Empire Sort of)

~Holy roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to the Ottoman Turks in early 16th century

~The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) devastated the region significantly weakened the role of the Holy Roman emperors, which in the nineteenth century would finally lead to the rise of nation-states in the region

~By the eighteenth century, the northern German city-states, especially Prussia, were gaining momentum and power. 

~1555 Peace of Augsburg was intended to bring peace to the Catholics and Protestants

~Thirty Years' War began in 1618 when Protestant territories challenged the authority of the Holy Roman Catholic emperor

~Peace of Westphalia negotiated in 1648, independence of small German states was affirmed

~Holy Roman Empire survived until 1806

B) Russia Out of Isolation

~Ivan III of moscow refused to pay tribute to the Mongols and declared Russia free of Mongol rule

~His grandson Ivan IV,established absolute rule in Russia, uniting it and expanding it ever eastward

~Cossacks which were peasant-soldiers expanded Russian territories in he 16th - 18th centuries

~Ivan IV became know as Ivan the Terrible, also know as czar(Russian of "Caesar")

~Michael Romanov was elected czar by the feudal lords. The Romanov Dynasty added stability to the empire until 1917

~Peter the Great ruled from  1682 to 1725 he built Russia's first Navy and founded St. Petersburg

~Catherine the Great ruled from 1762-1796 implemented more policies of education and wester culture.

C) Islamic gunpowder Empires:  Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal

~Osman Bey founded the Muslim Ottoman Empire which rose in Turkey

~Ottmans were called Turks

~Children were enslaved of their Christian subjects  and turned into fighting warrior know as Janissaries

~SelimI came to power in 1512

~eight years later Suleiman I (a.k.a. Suleiman the Magnificent ) rose to power and built the military and encouraged the arts

~Babur in 1526 clamed to be a descended from Genghis Khan but was very much Muslim 

~Mughal Empire, dominated the AIndian subcontinent for the next 300 years

~Akbar ruled from 1556-1605 unify much of India by governing under a policy of religious toleration

~Shah Jahan, Akbar's grandson, the Taj Mahal was built

D) Africa

~Songhai, Kongo, and Angola were powerful kingdoms

~Songha was Islamic, built on conquest and military force.

~Kongo was a centralized Kingdom bolstered by trade with Portuguese 1480's

~King Alfonso I was successful at converting his people to Christianity.

~Angola also know as Ndongo was a Portuguese trading post 

~Queen Nzinga resisted Portuguese authority and control

E) Isolated Asia

1. China

~Zeng He, was a chinese navigator

~Qing warriors ousted the emperor in 1644

~Manchus ruled China until 1912

~Kangxi, ruled from 1662-1722

~Qianlong ruled from 1735-1795

christianity was banned in 1724

2. Japan

~In 1600 Tokugawa Shogunate was a strict government establishment that ruled until 1868 by Tokugawa Ieyasu

~Tokugawa period was also know as the Edo period because the capital was moved to Edo

~1635, National Seclusion Policy prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad

~Kabuki and haiku were two forms of poetry that became popular